The debate about the experience of African slaves also aggravated an increasingly bitter controversy over the relationship between Egypt and its former colony, the Sudan.This controversy arose as the Mahdist state itself weakened and then fell to the British-led Egyptian armies in 1898. Not long after General Herbert Kitchener liberated hundreds of prisoners of the Mahdï, including Fawzï Pasha, the Sudan was named the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium, a unique designation under which a British administrator would govern the Sudan and the Egyptian treasury would finance the ter- ritory. The British and Egyptian flags flew side-by-side over administrative buildings in Khartoum, but it was clear to most that the so-called condo- minium paid only sanctimonious attention to Egyptian claims to the Sudan.

Eve M. Troutt Powell, A Different Shade of Coloni…, loc. 641