Toledano writes that, by the 1870s, "patriotic, Westernized Ottomans were torn between a growing rejection of slavery and a deep attachment to their sociocultural heritage, of which they remained proud. They tried hard to reconcile the conflict between a system in which they were born and raised—often by mothers, wet nurses, nannies, and female relatives of slave origins—and the demands and principles of a foreign culture they grew to respect, wanted to acquire, and wished to be recognized by as equals." Many Egyptians felt this con- flict, which was exacerbated by the British occupation and the deepening of Egyptian nationalism.

Eve M. Troutt Powell, A Different Shade of Coloni…, loc. 648