Gordon replaced him immediately with a German convert to Islam known as Emin Pasha, a man that Fawzï and other officers, including Europeans, suspected of conspiring with another German doctor in Gordon’s favor to arrange Fawzï’s dismissal. This ouster infuriated and humiliated Fawzï, who felt he had performed well as governor and had intimate knowledge of the customs of the tribes of the Equatorial Provinces. Even more humiliating, Gordon had not taken him at his word but had instead been swayed by other Europeans.

Eve M. Troutt Powell, A Different Shade of Coloni…, loc. 515