There were strong connections between Ibrahïm Fawzï and the Sudanese: Arabic was the native tongue and Islam the religion of both. His Sudanese contemporaries in Omdurman were as aware as he was of the traditional hierarchy of status long played out in the relationship between Egyptians and Sudanese. When the khalifa relegated him to the status of a servant, even a slave, it deeply bruised Fawzï’s acute sensitivity to rank and self-esteem.

Eve M. Troutt Powell, A Different Shade of Coloni…, loc. 618