At the time of the pashas' trial in Cairo, Mustafa Kämil led the nationalism movement; he was the founder of the Hizb al-watanï, or the Nationalist Party, whose ideas about the Egyptian nation (and the Islamic nation, a con- cept that incorporated loyalty to both religion and the Ottoman Empire) would be extremely influential for decades to come.

Eve M. Troutt Powell, A Different Shade of Coloni…, loc. 716