In 1954–62, the winning French Army was paralysed by its inability to pursue its FLN enemy across into its friendly bases in neighbouring Tunisia and Morocco. This is what, in effect, led to the collapse of the French government and the advent of de Gaulle in 1958. In their turn, the Iraq insurgents have been able to use Syria—and now, much more dangerously, Iran—to similar advantage.

XREF: Connects to historical-counterinsurgency parallels the reader is exploring, contrasting Algeria 1954-62 with Iraq insurgency. QUESTION: How do today's cross-border sanctuary dynamics (Iran, Syria) play out versus NATO, drones, and precision strike intercepting those sanctuaries?

Horne, Alistair, A Savage War of Peace- Alge…, loc. 50