Sixty miles away in Tizi-Ouzou, the capital of Kabylia, de Gaulle was again risking his life by walking into the middle of a Muslim crowd. “A Franco-Algerian fraternity will take shape once the blood has stopped flowing…,” he told them. But the blood flowing in Algiers was to mark the beginning of true civil war, and the end of any Gaullist dream of a multi-racial “Algérie algérienne, associated with France”.

Horne, Alistair, A Savage War of Peace- Alge…, loc. 1312