Regarding himself an expert on Muslim affairs, he had a mystical attachment to the ideal of integration; he desired the Muslims to have genuine equality with the pieds noirs. Immediately on hearing de Gaulle’s pronouncement of 16 September, Gardes made up his own mind to fight “self-determination” by every means—including open revolt.

Horne, Alistair, A Savage War of Peace- Alge…, loc. 1080