This would, in effect, be the terrible renunciation of grace that Sékou Touré’s Guinée had chosen, alone of the French Commonwealth, in 1958. Then, secondly, there was the option of “out-and-out identification with France, such as is implied in equality of rights…Dunkirk to Tamanrasset”. i.e., the old principle of “integration”. Or, finally:

XREF: Connects to decolonization history and the 1958 referendum under de Gaulle that offered colonies a choice between full integration or independence.

Horne, Alistair, A Savage War of Peace- Alge…, loc. 1050