Before granting them 'independence', the French authorities forced the future states to sign a long list of so-called 'cooperation agreements'. The French prime minister Michel Debré summarised very clearly the principle of 'conditional' independence in a letter sent to his Gabonese counterpart Léon Mba in July 1960: 'We grant independence on the condition that the state, having gained its independence, endeavours to respect the cooperation agreements. […]. There one does not go without the other.'

Fanny Pigeaud_ Ndongo Samba Sylla, Africa's Last Colonial Curr…, loc. 85