Even before the Pasha's death a large number of the factories, schools and other establishments that he had founded were either closed down or were abandoned and neglected. European, especially British, intervention is usually identified as the cause of the failure of this ambitious, well-planned and impressive "experiment,"

QUESTION: The highlight signals that this standard explanation may be incomplete or contested, inviting the question of what the true cause was. Builds on: "Egyptian context explains the gap between plan and execution."

Khaled Fahmy, All the Pasha_s Men_ Mehmed…, loc. 41