Interestingly, this seems to have been the case when any government resorted to universal conscription. For this practice in the Napoleonic armies, see Forrest, Conscripts and Deserters, p. 136; for a similar reaction by Russian serfs in the nineteenth century and, significantly, self-inflicted wounds (SIW) among British troops during the First World War, see John Keegan, The Face of Battle (London: Penguin, 1976), p. 275n.

XREF: Extends the recurring theme of conscription resistance across Egypt (loc 92, 459, 471, 472) into a comparative global pattern — Napoleonic France, Russian serfs, and British WWI troops. Pays off: "Egyptians fiercely resisted forced military service under the Pasha."

Khaled Fahmy, All the Pasha_s Men_ Mehmed…, loc. 593