This is the year that Mehmed Ali started to found a modern army in Egypt, an army which was based on conscription and which relied on the institutions of the modern state that he founded mainly to serve that army. … By the time Mehmed Ali started to found this army in 1820 he had already been occupying the prestigious and lucrative post of governor of Egypt on behalf of the Ottoman Sultan for fifteen years. During this long period he had managed to tighten Cairo's control over the provinces by fighting corruption in the local bureaucracy, by conducting a cadastral survey (1813–14) that was crucial in abolishing the tax farming system (iltizām) and in the cancellation of the immunities on agricultural land belonging to mosques and pious foundations (awqāf), and, most importantly, by getting rid in the infamous Massacre of the Citadel (1811) of the power of the military landlords, the Mamluks, who had been in effective control of the province for centuries in spite of Ottoman legal suzerainty. … As a result of these measures annual revenue increased from 8 million francs in 1805 to 50 million francs in 1821,30 allowing the Pasha to undertake projects that were not even conceivable in the long period of Ottoman rule.

QUESTION: The revenue jump from 8 to 50 million francs is striking — worth checking how much came from land reform vs. cotton and trade. XREF: Connects to the earlier claimed highlight that cotton profits financed the army and institutions; the revenue explosion likely combines both. Builds on: "Egyptian context explains the gap between plan and execution."

Khaled Fahmy, All the Pasha_s Men_ Mehmed…, loc. 41