In Mehmed Ali's Egypt the different orders of the Pasha and the various laws that were issued during his reign also reveal that punishment, when applied in the civilian sector, was often characterized by an excessive, and probably unwarranted, use of force. Qānūn al-Filāḥa, for example, which was passed to deal with offenses relating mostly to damages to public property, land cultivation and the conduct of public employees, stipulated in twenty-six of its fifty-five articles the use of the kurbāj, the whip.

Khaled Fahmy, All the Pasha_s Men_ Mehmed…, loc. 672