Palmerston's motto of "the preservation of the integrity of the Ottoman Empire" was his most effective bulwark against possible Russian aggression and was not a "malicious" act directed at Egypt.

XREF: Connects to the earlier claim at loc 254 that Palmerston's anti-Egyptian policy developed only later from other causes, and loc 182 about Palmerston's silence masking later firm policy. Builds on: "Palmerston's anti-Egyptian policy developed only later from other causes."

Khaled Fahmy, All the Pasha_s Men_ Mehmed…, loc. 1537