In addition, the Pasha introduced a wide-ranging policy of monopolies whereby staple goods as well as cash crops were to be sold only to government warehouses and at prices fixed by the Pasha. As a result of these measures annual revenue increased from 8 million francs in 1805 to 50 million francs in 1821,30 allowing the Pasha to undertake projects that were not even conceivable in the long period of Ottoman rule.

DEFINE: Describes the Pasha's monopoly mechanism: goods sold only to government warehouses at fixed prices, which channeled trade profits to the state. Builds on: "Egyptian context explains the gap between plan and execution."

Khaled Fahmy, All the Pasha_s Men_ Mehmed…, loc. 71