Of course the ban did not impact undocumented or immigrant black Muslims alone. As demonstrated by the detainment of Muhammad Ali, Jr., in the immediate aftermath of the ban, black Muslims indigenous to the United States, with fathers who just five months earlier were being remembered by American presidents and honored by the state, were also vulnerable to the Muslim ban—and vulnerable to the many policing and profiling tentacles of structural Islamophobia. While being black in America today is challenging, being black and Muslim in a nation where anti-black racism and Islamophobia converge is even more daunting.

Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Unde…, loc. 460