Islamophobia, although a relatively new term, is anything but a new form of hate. While “Islamophobia” claimed popular purchase before the rise of Trump and gained widespread resonance during the campaign as he called for “a total and complete shutdown of Muslims entering the United States,” Islamophobia long preceded the man who would become the face of it. It is a system that redeploys stereotypes of Muslims deeply rooted in the collective American imagination and endorsed by formative case law, foundational policy on immigration and citizenship, and the writings and rhetoric of this nation’s founding fathers.

Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Unde…, loc. 79