Following 9/11, law scholar Leti Volpp observed how terror attacks involving a Muslim culprit spur the immediate "redeployment of Orientalist tropes." These tropes are embedded within popular representations of Muslims, such as news coverage or depictions in film. But more saliently, they are embedded within the institutional memory of government agencies, including the judiciary, the legislature, and the executive branch—most notably, in the Department of Homeland Security and anti-terror law enforcement during the protracted war on terror. These foundational stereotypes, which portray Islam as irreconcilable with American values and society and Muslim identity as foreign, subversive, and harboring an inherent propensity for terrorism, move state agencies to enact policies that profile and closely police Muslim citizens and immigrants.

XREF: Connects to Edward Said's Orientalism and discussions of racialized surveillance in the war on terror.

Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Unde…, loc. 126