Muslim-led rebellions were common in the New World. Wolof and Fulani Muslims spearheaded the first slave revolt in the history of the Americas in Hispaniola in 1522, with subsequent insurrections in present-day Puerto Rico, Panama, and Colombia from 1533 to 1580. These insurrections illustrated the distinct brand of insubordination that emanated from Islamic belief. Since many of the slave codes in the antebellum South were specifically concerned with preempting insurrections, rebellions in the United States were comparatively fewer than in Latin America. However, Muslim slaves did play key roles in the insurrections that took place, including Florida's "Seminole Slave Rebellions" in 1835–1838.

XREF: Connects to broader history of enslaved Muslim Africans in the diaspora, and the distinct religious identity shaping resistance.

Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Unde…, loc. 644