Moments of national mourning, particularly after a terror attack committed by Muslims or individuals perceived as outsiders, also spark a desire to exact revenge and perpetrate violence against anybody and everybody perceived to be Muslim, or more generally, not American. This mass anger, typically enforced through acts of vigilante violence directed at innocents, is also often endorsed and emboldened by formal policy that deems Muslims to be suspicious and to be members of a faith that ties them to the terror acts.

Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Unde…, loc. 134