Because Muslim and American identities are constructed as opposable, any performance of Americanness requires downplaying Muslim identity. Devon Carbado and Mitu Gulati list some examples of Muslim American expressions of patriotism: “[A man] shaving before taking a plane trip. Or for a woman it might mean refraining from wearing a headscarf. For the family, it might mean placing an American flag outside the home. It also might mean refraining from doing the traditional Muslim prayers at work.”

Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Unde…, loc. 343