The state's rubber-stamping of widely held stereotypes of Islam and Muslims, through the enactment of surveillance programs, religious and racial profiling, restrictive immigration policies, and the war-on-terror campaign, is the cornerstone of dialectical Islamophobia. This exchange—by which citizens absorb the suspicion and demonization the state assigns to Muslims by way of (structural Islamophobic) law or state action—is an ongoing dialectic that links state policy to hate and violence unleashed by private citizens.

DEFINE: Introduces the concept of 'dialectical Islamophobia' as the two-way exchange between state-sanctioned suspicion and private citizens' hate and violence. Builds on: "State institutions authorize and reinforce individual Islamophobic violence."

Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Unde…, loc. 136