A number of states passed explicit anti-Shari‘a legislation or superficially neutral but de facto Islamophobic measures that restricted state courts from considering foreign, international, or religious law. While not explicitly including the words "Islam" or "Shari‘a," these laws are specifically aimed at the faith and the citizens who observe it. The 2016 presidential race and the induction of the Trump administration facilitates even more opportunity for states to pass anti-Shari‘a bills. Indeed, the prolific spike in private Islamophobia since Trump was inaugurated, emboldened by the structural policies enacted by him on the federal level, have furnished the anti-Shari‘a movement with momentum and support from Washington to introduce more bills, and very likely, enact more state laws.

Builds on: "Anti-Shari'a bills turned grassroot Islamophobia into state-level structural policy"

Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Unde…, loc. 309