Sherene Razack writes that using hate as an analytic “discourages the thinking that is required to make sense of the high numbers of murdered Indigenous women, police shootings of Black people, and a range of historical atrocities such as the Holocaust, settler colonial massacres and violent dispossession.” Hate is framed as an individual problem that the state condemns and helps to resolve. It is also an emotion, psychologized as an individual pathology that can be combated like a disease, rather than sets of policies that are enacted for political interests. This approach regards Islamophobia as an individual problem of hate between people, not as a structural issue connected to state policies or media representations.

QUESTION: What alternative analytic frameworks better capture the policy-driven, structural nature of these violences? Builds on: "UC campuses received millions to combat antisemitism and Islamophobia."

Evelyn Alsultany, Antisemitism and Islamophob…, loc. 34