And each time a slave was sold, the process was repeated. According to one seventeenth-century priest, one man “who had been sold and resold several times was in the end as covered with characters as an Egyptian obelisk.” Newspaper advertisements for some runaway slaves described the many brands on top of one another. Some Africans, however, had knowledge of herbs that could

Dubois, Laurent, Avengers of the New World_ …, loc. 74