The renting of abandoned plantations therefore incited the "transfer of colonial property" and began a "radical social revolution": it "gave birth to a new property-owning class, and therefore a new managerial class" made up of individuals of African descent. The conflict over plantation labor thus grew more complicated, for it now often involved a struggle between ex-slave workers and ex-slave managers and owners. The seeds of new kinds of social conflict that would haunt postindependence Haiti had been planted.

Dubois, Laurent, Avengers of the New World_ …, loc. 295