Lourdes Casal has fewer doubts about a later event in Cuban history that has remained equally obscure. In 1912, the anti-Black movement in part inspired by American influence in Cuba reached a culmination. The suppression of an association of Black voters, the Partido de los Independientes de Color, led to armed revolt and “the ensuing racial war, still insufficiently studied, led to a nationwide extermination of blacks of quasi-genocidal proportions.”

Cedric J. Robinson, Black Marxism_ The Making o…, loc. 2158