Robinson took up Cruse’s challenge to develop new theories of revolution where Marxism failed, but he moved well beyond Cruse’s positions. Eventually, Robinson came to the conclusion that it is not enough to reshape or reformulate Marxism to fit the needs of Third World revolution; instead, he believed all universalist theories of political and social order had to be rejected.

Cedric J. Robinson, Black Marxism_ The Making o…, loc. 55