The suppression of an association of Black voters, the Partido de los Independientes de Color, led to armed revolt and "the ensuing racial war, still insufficiently studied, led to a nationwide extermination of blacks of quasi-genocidal proportions." Casal, op. cit., p. 14. This was "the little war of 1912."

Cedric J. Robinson, Black Marxism_ The Making o…, loc. 2158