Some volumes more than echo past perspectives: Answering Islam: The Crescent in Light of the Cross (1993, 2006), for instance, begins by citing Zwemer. This book's goal of providing Christians with counterarguments to Islamic beliefs – “preparing you with strong apologetic answers” –reflects how the perpetuation of Islamophobia often represents more of an effort to positively define those making the allegations than accurately describe Muslims or Islam.

XREF: Connects to the broader scholarship on how outgroup prejudice functions to reinforce ingroup identity. SEED: Could yield an essay on how religious apologetics reveal more about their writers' identity needs than about target faiths.

Peter Gottschalk and Gabriel Greenberg, Common Heritage, Uncommon F…, loc. 124