In response to Huntington's clash of civilizations theory, one of his fellow Harvard colleagues (and winner of the 1998 Nobel Prize for Economics) Professor Amartya Sen published an entire book refuting the "clash of civilizations" theory called Identity and Violence: The Illusion of Destiny. In his book, the Nobel laureate highlighted that no single civilization anywhere is a reductive monolithic entity and that a human being's individual "identity is not destiny." Professor Sen's central idea is that "identity is not destiny," which means that each individual human being has the personal agency to construct their own respective identity outside of the confines of their civilization's sociopolitical entrenchments.

XREF: Connects to Huntington's clash of civilizations thesis and broader sociological debates about identity construction versus determinism.

Arsalan Iftikhar, Fear of a Muslim Planet_ Gl…, loc. 677