In the Netherlands, over 90 percent of the victims of Islamophobic hate crime incidents in 2015 were Muslim women. In France, 82 percent of Islamophobic violence in 2014 recorded by the Collective Against Islamophobia targeted Muslim women. In Belgium, 64 percent of Islamophobic hate crimes in the three-year period between January 2012 and September 2015 concerned Muslim women. And in Germany, a survey found that 59 percent of female Muslim respondents claimed that they had been publicly insulted, verbally abused, or physically assaulted by strangers.

XREF: Connects to broader data on gendered Islamophobia and how visible markers like the hijab make women identifiable targets.

Arsalan Iftikhar, Fear of a Muslim Planet_ Gl…, loc. 412