Muslim American women who did not wear the hijab were not subjected to the same verbal harassment or the same watchful eye as those who did, regardless of skin tone. The hijab is clearly equated with foreignness, and as a result, Muslim women's bodies are under the gaze of their fellow citizens. They are racialized through this surveillance as forever foreign and never American.

XREF: Connects to discussions of how visual markers beyond skin color drive racialization and surveillance in the US.

Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, loc. 254