Muslim American men and women are aware of their hypersurveillance by both the state and their fellow citizens. Because gender plays a significant role in how they are surveilled, the ways in which they self-surveil reflect their unique experiences. Chapter 4 examines the impact that surveillance has on Muslim American men and women and calls into question how citizenship in the United States is racialized, wherein some citizens are protected by the state and others are criminalized. This book shows how the racialization of Muslims occurs through the institutionalization of policies that target Muslims, which is maintained via the actions of individuals. The state, private citizens, and Muslims themselves all contribute to the hypersurveillance of Muslims.

DEFINE: Casts racialization as an institutionalized policy outcome maintained by individual actions, not just individual prejudice.

Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, loc. 63