While one may experience social isolation or questions about one's American identity such as "Where are you really from?" because of an ethnic identity, a Muslim identity incites hostility like "Go back to where you came from!" As the previous chapters show, Muslim bodies are subjected to surveillance by both the state and their fellow private citizens. In this era of hypersurveillance, South Asian and Arab Muslim Americans are under undue stress to prove they are American.

QUESTION: This suggests a meaningful distinction between how ethnic vs. religious identity is perceived in America — worth exploring how that plays out across other religious minority groups.

Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, loc. 458