Brayne (2014) found that individuals who have been stopped by the police participate in system avoidance—where they avoid surveilling institutions that collect and share personal data, such as the labor force, hospitals, or educational institutions—showing how a surveillance society maintains social stratification and inequality.

XREF: Connects to research on mass incarceration, procedural justice, and how criminal justice contact shapes life outcomes like employment and health.

Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, loc. 73