Immediately after a crisis, like a terrorist attack, darker-skinned men are targeted by the public as threats. This is best exemplified in the cases of Indian men who were attacked after 9/11 because they were mistaken for Muslims or Arabs. The misidentification of Sikhs is another example of this, which both Erik Love (2017) and David Tyrer (2013) note in their books. Because Sikhs wear the turban, they are often misrecognized as Muslim. While I do not mean to downplay their experiences, in the time period I examined, Muslim men were not targeted by strangers in the same way that women who wear the hijab were. Strangers did not consistently harass them in public because of their skin tone.

XREF: Connects to broader literature on post-9/11 racial profiling and misrecognition, including Love (2017) and Tyrer (2013) on Sikh misidentification.

Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, loc. 543