Muslim Americans experience what DuBois referred to as "double consciousness" in The Souls of Black Folk (1903)—where they are incapable of being one self but instead are made up of multiple selves because they have to shift their identities in public—because of their hypersurveillance in spaces like airports. This inability to be one's true self, to even speak one's native language out of fear of surveillance, reflects the psychological wage Muslim Americans experience because of their racialization.

XREF: Connects DuBois's double consciousness concept from The Souls of Black Folk to contemporary racialization of Muslim Americans.

Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, loc. 237