The universalists had the advantage of purity but they lacked the mechanism of enforcement. Haberler intended his 1958 GATT report as a weapon against the growing protectionism of Eu­rope and a clarion call to liberal order. It had the opposite effect. When the Global South used the Haberler Report to demand more market access, the Global North refused to implement ­free trade and cut subsidies. Instead they took the nonliberal path of less re­sis­tance and began granting preferential treatment to developing countries in the 1960s. They could thereby continue to subsidize their own production while also granting better market access to the products of developing nations. The colonial association clauses in the Rome treaty "had breached the wall" of postwar liberal norms, as one scholar put it, and the wave of preferences that followed veered from the GATT credo of nondiscrimination. The result was what Gunnar Myrdal called (approvingly) a "double standard of morality in international trade"—an expectation of reciprocity between industrialized nations and "special and differential treatment" between North and South.

Quinn Slobodian, Globalists, loc. 714