In that respect, it becomes necessary for us to examine the cultural work that formal and generic features are doing in promoting or rejecting particular types of worldview. Thus, I propose to analyze key elements of the representative novels chosen, attending to qualities such as ambiguity; stereotyping; the effects of polyphony; response to the burden of representation that falls on “minority” writers; the fetishization of authenticity; and the presence of a certain kind of exotic idiom that blends the attractive and desirable with (in the Muslim case) the austere and repressive. These features offer ways to understand the novel in its response to Islamophobia because they are central to the novel’s meaning making as an art form. Close attention to them will help us to avoid falling back on judgments based simply on whether a book is sympathetic to Muslims or Islam or not.

Peter Morey, Islamophobia and the Novel, loc. 17