Toor describes how in a bid to curry favor with the Americans Pakistan banned the Communist Party in 1954 and signed the Mutual Defense and Assistance Pact with the United States. To combat left-leaning intellectuals, a Pakistani branch of the Congress for Cultural Freedom was set up with the backing of the CIA as part of that attempted cultural rollback of the Cold War years that resulted elsewhere in the establishment of CIA-funded magazines such as Encounter and the Partisan Review.

XREF: Connects to the broader CIA cultural Cold War operations (Encounter, Partisan Review, Congress for Cultural Freedom) that run throughout Toor's book.

Peter Morey, Islamophobia and the Novel, loc. 391