The development of a particular kind of political Islam was further stimulated by Pakistan's increasingly close relationship with Muslim countries in the Middle East: a rapprochement that began in earnest after the oil crisis in 1973, when the oil-producing nations of the region were able to flex their economic muscle on the world stage. The government of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto looked to these countries for economic support, but in the process Saudi influence in Pakistan began to increase, with a resultant hardening of religious attitudes and an ambition among Islamic religious parties to take center stage in politics. Bhutto was unable to control these forces, which resulted in his own deposition and execution at the end of 1970s.

XREF: Connects to broader literature on Saudi petrodollar diplomacy spreading Wahhabism across the Muslim world in the 1970s.

Peter Morey, Islamophobia and the Novel, loc. 386