A similar finding was made by another empirical study that inquired into whether or not attitudes toward religious beliefs and practices affect public opinion toward Muslims. This study concluded that they did not have a definitive effect. Rather, “Muslim stereotypes are underpinned by a similar set of factors to those that underpin stereotypes of blacks, Hispanics, and Asians—notably, authoritarianism and a preference for cultural homogeneity.”

Carl W. Ernst, Islamophobia in America_ Th…, loc. 253