United against Communism, Americans rallied around "a common 'American religion' of which each of the three great religious communions is regarded as an equi-legitimate expression." "In its crudest form," Herberg explained, "this identification of religion with national purpose generates a kind of national messianism which sees it as the vocation of America to bring the American Way of Life, compounded almost equally of democracy and free enterprise, to every corner of the globe; in more mitigated versions, it sees God as the champion of America, endorsing American purposes, and sustaining American might." 29 Herberg criticized this "fusion of religion with national purpose" because it silenced religious critiques with regard to the purpose of the state. Indeed, as seen by contemporary portrayals of Martin Luther King, Jr., in the South and Malcolm X in the North, it deemed any religious expression that appealed to social purposes and conceptions of justice outside of the state's political and legal apparatus as radical and militant or dangerous.

QUESTION: Herberg's framing suggests a direct lineage from Cold War civil religion to modern culture-war contestations over religion's role in the state.

Carl W. Ernst, Islamophobia in America_ Th…, loc. 282