Zine uses the term "gendered Islamophobia" but then somewhat narrowly defines it as "specific forms of ethnoreligious and racialized discrimination leveled at Muslim women that proceed from historically contextualized negative stereotypes that inform individual and systematic forms of oppression."

DEFINE: Clarifies Zine's specific narrowing definition of gendered Islamophobia to ethnoreligious and racialized discrimination against Muslim women specifically.

Carl W. Ernst, Islamophobia in America_ Th…, loc. 497