The young woman in our experiment was an actor, but many of the hateful words she heard were based on the experiences of Chicagoborn Nohayia Javed, who was watching our experiment from the control van. Javed said she has continually suffered verbal abuse and said she has even been physically attacked by fellow Americans— just because she is Muslim.

Carl W. Ernst, Islamophobia in America_ Th…, loc. 517