Islamophobia is gendered in the way described above, in that gender is inherently part of social construction; thus, there have to be elements of Islamophobia that can be described as gendered. Furthermore, as Krista Riley pointed out above, the genderedness of Islamophobia can productively be explored through a nuanced study of the ways in which Muslims are represented and described as gendered. This genderedness is most obvious in the representation of Muslim men as violent terrorists (both against “us” and Muslim women) and the representation of Muslim women as oppressed and silenced (by Muslim men, Islam, and Muslim culture). Muslim men and women in these representations (or stereotypes) are two sides of the same coin: The violence of oppressive Muslim men is demonstrated in their treatment of their women; and the oppression of Muslim women is perpetrated by violent Muslim men. No other factors or influences can be explored or considered in such a neatly organized scenario.

Carl W. Ernst, Islamophobia in America_ Th…, loc. 487