Muslims in the 13 colonies and the United States may have numbered in the tens of thousands—though the number of Muslims in other parts of the Americas was surely much higher. Historian Allan Austin has reckoned between 1711 and 1808, about 5–10 percent, perhaps as many as 30,000–40,000 of slaves brought to the 13 colonies and the United States, were Muslims.

XREF: Connects to broader knowledge about the diversity of enslaved African identities and the common erasure of Muslim presence in early American history. Builds on: "Roughly a fifth of enslaved Africans in America were Muslim."

Carl W. Ernst, Islamophobia in America_ Th…, loc. 354