Islamophobia is symptomatic of our inability—in some cases, our explicit refusal—to let Muslims take part in the construction of national identity. … It is also pronounced in countries with large Muslim minorities, like Nigeria and India. 5 What distinguishes Western forms of Islamophobia from anti-Muslim politics more generally is the tendency to depict Islam as a block to authentic citizenship.

QUESTION: How does this citizenship-based definition of Islamophobia compare to accounts centering on security or cultural threat?

Carl W. Ernst, Islamophobia in America_ Th…, loc. 659